Ozone

Ozone is a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms and has the chemical formula O3. It occurs naturally and can be found at varying levels in the Earth’s atmosphere. The majority of ozone (about 90%) is located in the stratosphere, between 15 and 30 kilometers...

Coral Reef

Coral reefs are incredibly diverse ecosystems that are built primarily by coral polyps. These polyps come in various forms, including large reef-building colonies, flowing fans, and small, solitary organisms. Scientists have identified thousands of different coral...

Mangroves

Mangroves are small trees or shrubs that thrive in coastal areas with saline or brackish water. The term “mangrove” is also used to describe the tropical coastal vegetation made up of these plant species. Mangroves are a type of broad-leaved tree that can...

Different Ecosystems

Wetland Ecosystem: A wetland is a type of land area that is characterized by either being covered by water or saturated with water. This water source can originate from various sources, such as groundwater that seeps up from an aquifer or spring, nearby rivers or...

Ecological Succession

Communities undergo constant changes in response to environmental conditions, which occur in a predictable sequence and are paralleled by changes in the physical environment. Eventually, a community will reach a state of equilibrium with its environment, known as a...

Environmental Nutrient Cycles

Nutrient cycling is the repeated movement of nutrients or elements from the environment through organisms and back to the environment. Unlike energy flow, nutrient cycling is a cyclic pathway. Plants and animals consume nutrients from the soil, and these nutrients are...
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