Ecological Succession

Communities undergo constant changes in response to environmental conditions, which occur in a predictable sequence and are paralleled by changes in the physical environment. Eventually, a community will reach a state of equilibrium with its environment, known as a...

Environmental Nutrient Cycles

Nutrient cycling is the repeated movement of nutrients or elements from the environment through organisms and back to the environment. Unlike energy flow, nutrient cycling is a cyclic pathway. Plants and animals consume nutrients from the soil, and these nutrients are...

Biotic Interactions

What are Biotic Interactions Biotic interactions refer to the effects that organisms in a community have on each other. These interactions can be either intraspecific, between individuals of the same species, or interspecific, between individuals of different species....

Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification

Bioaccumulation refers to the buildup of substances, such as pesticides or chemicals, within an organism over time. This occurs when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate that exceeds its elimination through catabolism and excretion. As a result, if the biological...

Ecological Pyramids

An Ecological Pyramid is a visual representation of the relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. Each bar represents a trophic level based on who consumes whom. The order of bars shows the flow of energy through the ecosystem Energy flow in an ecosystem is...

Energy Flow

Energy flow in ecosystems Energy flow in ecosystems refers to the transfer of energy from the Sun to living things. This flow is crucial for the survival of life on Earth. Solar energy is distributed among ecosystems in a complex manner, driving all metabolic...